# TLE # Time Complexity: O(exponential) classSolution_BruteForce:
defcanWinNim(self, n: int) -> bool: if n <= 3: returnTrue for i inrange(1, 4): ifnot self.canWinNim(n - i): returnTrue returnFalse
以上的递归公式和代码很像fibonacci数的递归定义和暴力解法,因此对应的时间复杂度也是指数级的,提交代码以后会TLE。下图画出了当n=7时的递归调用,注意
5 被扩展向下重复执行了两次,4重复了4次。
292 Nim Game 暴力解法调用图 n=7
我们采用和fibonacci一样的方式来优化算法:缓存较小n的结果以此来计算较大n的结果。
Python 中,我们可以只加一行lru_cache
decorator,来取得这种动态规划效果,下面的代码将复杂度降到了 \(O(N)\)。
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# RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded in comparison n=1348820612 # Time Complexity: O(N) classSolution_DP: from functools import lru_cache @lru_cache(maxsize=None) defcanWinNim(self, n: int) -> bool: if n <= 3: returnTrue for i inrange(1, 4): ifnot self.canWinNim(n - i): returnTrue returnFalse
再来画出调用图:这次5和4就不再被展开重复计算,图中绿色的节点表示缓存命中。
292 Nim Game 动归解法调用图 n=7
# TLE for 1348820612 # Time Complexity: O(N) classSolution: defcanWinNim(self, n: int) -> bool: if n <= 3: returnTrue last3, last2, last1 = True, True, True for i inrange(4, n+1): this = not (last3 and last2 and last1) last3, last2, last1 = last2, last1, this return last1
defminimax(node: Node, depth: int, maximizingPlayer: bool) -> int: if depth == 0or is_terminal(node): return evaluate_terminal(node) if maximizingPlayer: value:int = −∞ for child in node: value = max(value, minimax(child, depth − 1, False)) return value else: # minimizing player value := +∞ for child in node: value = min(value, minimax(child, depth − 1, True)) return value
# AC classSolution: from functools import lru_cache @lru_cache(maxsize=None) # currentTotal < desiredTotal defminimax(self, status: int, currentTotal: int, isMaxPlayer: bool) -> int: import math if status == self.allUsed: return0# draw: no winner
if isMaxPlayer: value = -math.inf for i inrange(1, self.maxChoosableInteger + 1): ifnot (status >> i & 1): new_status = 1 << i | status if currentTotal + i >= self.desiredTotal: return1# shortcut value = max(value, self.minimax(new_status, currentTotal + i, not isMaxPlayer)) if value == 1: return1 return value else: value = math.inf for i inrange(1, self.maxChoosableInteger + 1): ifnot (status >> i & 1): new_status = 1 << i | status if currentTotal + i >= self.desiredTotal: return -1# shortcut value = min(value, self.minimax(new_status, currentTotal + i, not isMaxPlayer)) if value == -1: return -1 return value
# AC classSolution: from functools import lru_cache @lru_cache(maxsize=None) # currentTotal < desiredTotal defalpha_beta(self, status: int, currentTotal: int, isMaxPlayer: bool, alpha: int, beta: int) -> int: import math if status == self.allUsed: return0# draw: no winner
if isMaxPlayer: value = -math.inf for i inrange(1, self.maxChoosableInteger + 1): ifnot (status >> i & 1): new_status = 1 << i | status if currentTotal + i >= self.desiredTotal: return1# shortcut value = max(value, self.alpha_beta(new_status, currentTotal + i, not isMaxPlayer, alpha, beta)) alpha = max(alpha, value) if alpha >= beta: return value return value else: value = math.inf for i inrange(1, self.maxChoosableInteger + 1): ifnot (status >> i & 1): new_status = 1 << i | status if currentTotal + i >= self.desiredTotal: return -1# shortcut value = min(value, self.alpha_beta(new_status, currentTotal + i, not isMaxPlayer, alpha, beta)) beta = min(beta, value) if alpha >= beta: return value return value
// AC classSolution{ publicbooleanPredictTheWinner(int[] nums){ int n = nums.length; int[][] dp = newint[n][n]; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { dp[i][i] = nums[i]; }
for (int l = n - 1; l >= 0; l--) { for (int r = l + 1; r < n; r++) { dp[l][r] = Math.max( nums[l] - dp[l + 1][r], nums[r] - dp[l][r - 1]); } } return dp[0][n - 1] >= 0; } }
C++ AC Code
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// AC classSolution { public: boolPredictTheWinner(vector<int>& nums){ int n = nums.size(); vector<vector<int>> dp(n, vector<int>(n, 0)); for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { dp[i][i] = nums[i]; } for (int l = n - 1; l >= 0; l--) { for (int r = l + 1; r < n; r++) { dp[l][r] = max(nums[l] - dp[l + 1][r], nums[r] - dp[l][r - 1]); } } return dp[0][n - 1] >= 0; } };
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) { dp[i][i] = nums[i]; } for (let l = n - 1; l >=0; l--) { for (let r = i + 1; r < n; r++) { dp[l][r] = Math.max(nums[l] - dp[l + 1][r],nums[r] - dp[l][r - 1]); } } return dp[0][n-1] >=0; };
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